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Adding Value in Private Equity by Erik Cruikshank
  • Adding Value in Private Equity

  • Lessons from Mature and Emerging Markets

  • by Erik Cruikshank
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    Description of Adding Value in Private Equity

    Investors are looking further a field to locate suitable private equity investments, and adding value is critical to a successful investment. Eric Cruikshank's book provides a definitive guide to adding value in private equity.

    Adding Value in Private Equity will show you:

    - the different stages of private equity funding, including for VC/start-ups, expansion capital, acquisition and buyouts, the uses of mezzanine financing and distressed equity.

    - how to determine value in private equity. For newcomers and seasoned hands alike, there is an extensive discussion of the different valuation models and their application and limitations in private equity valuation.

    - the effects of globalisation on private equity values. Find out how to develop a sound strategy to maximise the opportunities afforded by the global economy through investing in emerging market private equity, and through sourcing suppliers and partners in efficient supply chain management, how to add value to your PE investment.

    - How to ensure value addition prior in the pre-investment stage: practical steps for screening, due diligence, the timing of and phasing the investment, including the differences encountered by emerging market PE investors.

    - Deal structuring, not only to preserve value, but to redistribute value if things do not turn out as planned. Valuation, and "thinking the unthinkable" in terms of events and actions that would bring about risks and uncertainties that need to be addressed in the context of deal structuring.

    - Post-investment adding value through innovations and organisational and financial restructurings.

    - Corporate governance of private equity firms, including case studies illustrating the obstacles in the governance of emerging market investments.

    - Adding value in the exit strategy: what are the exit options, including IPO and liquidation, to each of the participants in the investment and how to find accommodation between the financial and non-financial drivers of the owner, the manager and other PE investors. Describes the often-neglected aspects of recovery and closure from the perspectives of reputational risk and legal liability. Exiting from emerging market PE investments. Legal and regulatory issues in divestment.

    - Tools such as scenario writing, contextual mapping, real options and Monte Carlo Simulation to understand the range of values that the enterprise and equity can assume, which will help guide the PE investor in weighing prospective trade-offs when assigning priorities to value adding activities.

    Contents of Adding Value in Private Equity

    Table of Contents

    Foreword
    Preface
    Acknowledgements
    Author biographies

    Introduction
    Purpose of the book
    The nature of value in private equity
    Scope of the book
    Structure of the book
    Key themes

    Part I The nature of private equity

    1 The stages and types of private equity financing
    Stages of financing in private equity
    The special case of start-up risk
    Types of private equity

    2 Organisational forms
    Introduction
    Hedge funds
    Business development companies
    Market organisation and models
    Private equity and hedge fund convergence

    Part II Value and valuation in private equity

    3 Necessary adjustments to the market-based theory of finance
    Shortening horizons
    Expected value framework

    4 The concept of value
    Classifying types of value
    Premises of value
    Measuring additional value
    Value 'worlds'
    Increasing a company's value
    New value paradigms

    5 Valuation models: The general tools
    Introduction
    Intrinsic value
    Extrinsic value (using relatives)
    Acquisition value
    Contingent value and the value of flexibility
    Contingencies and real options
    Decision/event trees
    Conclusion

    6 Valuation in private equity and special situations
    Private equity
    Emerging markets
    Banks and financial institutions
    Technology/new economy sectors

    Part III Globalisation and value addition in a strategic context

    7 Globalisation, strategy and management
    The need to think globally
    Strategy formulation and review in a global context
    Strategy execution
    Logistics and supply chain management

    Part IV Pre-investment value addition: Managing risk and uncertainty

    8 Goals, screening, due diligence, timing and phasing
    Goals
    Screening
    Due diligence
    Managing risk by timing investment
    Managing risk by controlling disbursement (phasing)

    9 Deal structuring
    Introduction
    Elements of a deal
    Structuring a new venture
    Structuring a leveraged buyout
    Conclusion

    Part V Post-investment value addition

    10 Portfolio supervision
    Monitoring for opportunities and threats
    Functional areas for value addition
    Operational risk management
    Recommended private equity portfolio practices

    11 Corporate governance
    Privately held versus publicly held companies
    The changing business environment
    Corporate governance and control
    Duties and responsibilities of board directors
    Rendering advice
    Board committees
    Caveats

    12 The exit
    Introduction
    Going public
    Selling (transferring ownership) to family members
    Selling to employees
    Selling the company to another company
    Finding a new investor
    Liquidation
    Implementing exit strategies

    Part VI A value-addition framework

    13 An expected value framework
    Introduction
    Scenario writing
    Contextual mapping
    Monte Carlo simulation
    Rate of return rankings and decision rules
    Conclusion

    Bibliography

    About Erik Cruikshank

    Eric D. Cruikshank is an economist and finance specialist with 35 years of professional experience in more than 40 countries. He is currently the chief executive officer of EDC Merchant Banking Advisors, a position he has held since retiring from the World Bank Group in 2005.

    At the International Finance Corporation (IFC) he was most recently Chief, Special Operations in which capacity he spearheaded a highly successful and profitable program of �managed exits� from a large number of IFC�s older private equity investments. Prior to that, other positions he held in IFC, involving inter alia various aspects of private equity investing, were regional manager, manager of portfolio operations and credit review, and principal investment officer. He also served as IFC�s nominee on several company boards.

    Before joining IFC, he served as a World Bank loan officer, senior economist and deputy resident representative. He was a Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) advisor in several countries and an executive project director for an energy and water resource team in Nepal. During the earlier part of his career Mr. Cruikshank was a senior consultant in a global managing consulting firm for four years, a senior securities analyst at a stockbrokerage firm and member of a CIDA-sponsored advisory team helping the government of Kenya write its fourth five-year economic plan.

    Mr Cruikshank holds a BA in economics from Mount Allison University and an MBA and MA in Economics from York University.

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